Currently, it takes 12 years to become a psychiatrist (4 years of undergraduate studies, 4 years of medical school, and 4 years of psychiatry residency). Almost all countries worldwide face a shortage of psychiatrists. 

For the purposes of this debate, ‘Apples’ refer to systemic or structural violence; harm caused by social, economic, or political systems (e.g. poverty, institutional racism, environmental degradation) that is often indirect, diffused, and normalised. ‘Oranges’ refer to interpersonal violent crime; direct, individual acts of physical violence such as assault or murder, which are highly visible and strongly condemned. Public discourse often treats these two categories as fundamentally distinct and resists comparing them morally or socially (i.e. it is a taboo to do so). 

Austerity measures or fiscal consolidation refer to strict economic policies implemented by governments to reduce public sector debt and budget deficits, typically during financial crises. They involve reducing government spending (on services, welfare, and public wages) and/or increasing taxes.

For the purposes of this debate, "Constrained AI" refers to models that run locally on a user’s device (phone, laptop, etc) using internal parameters. They cannot access the internet to browse or verify new facts. Their knowledge is static until a manual software update is performed. Constrained AI, once downloaded, consumes only the electricity required to run the local device. "Live AI," Refers to models hosted on massive cloud server farms that browse the live internet to provide real-time information. 

Guilt by association refers to ascribing guilt to someone not because of their own actions, but because of their association with a demonized person. Examples include Taylor Swift for dating Matty Healy and Katy Perry for dating John Mayer and Justin Trudeau. 

Morally ambiguous protagonists are characters who don't fit neatly into the categories of pure hero or pure villain. They possess both good and bad qualities, making their moral compass complex and often questionable. Examples of this include but are not limited to, characters such as Saul Goodman from Better Call Saul, Severus Snape from Harry Potter, Dexter Morgan from the TV Show Dexter etc.

SCOPUS is one of the biggest databases of peer-reviewed literature, including journals, books, and conference papers. Getting your paper published in a SCOPUS-indexed journal is generally considered to be a prestigious achievement, increasing the researcher’s credibility and visibility. Standards to get published here include, but are not limited to writing predominantly in English and focusing on global issues over local ones.

Corporate-owned universities are educational institutions that are owned and
operated by corporations. Some examples include Sunway University in
Malaysia, National University in the Philippines, and Pohang University of
Science and Technology in South Korea. The number of corporate-owned
universities across the globe has grown significantly since the 1980s.

Professor review groups and websites are platforms where students can anonymously evaluate professors for other students' reference. The evaluation may typically include an overall rating out of five, class difficulty level, and other details on their classroom policies. 

Keystone species are organisms that help define an entire ecosystem. Without its keystone species, ecosystems often suffer from severe degradation. Examples include: the American beaver and the Yellowstone gray wolf.

Charismatic megafauna are animal species that hold symbolic value or widespread popular appeal among the public. Examples include: Giant pandas and Bengal tigers. 

The Yangtze River is China’s longest river and a critical source of biodiversity and livelihoods. In the last few decades, overfishing, pollution, and dam construction in the Yangtze River have led to severe ecological degradation and species collapse. In response, the Chinese government implemented a 10-year fishing ban in 2020 across major sections of the river, prohibiting commercial fishing while offering compensation and retraining to over 100,000 affected fishermen as part of a large-scale environmental restoration effort.

An authoritarian parenting style is characterized by parents raising their children with strict rules that children are expected to follow without question. Children are also expected to meet high standards without making mistakes, and errors are often met with punishment.

A permissive parenting style is characterized by parents raising their children with little to no rules and allowing children to navigate situations independently. Parents hold minimal expectations but maintain open communication.